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Loxosporais a genus of crustose lichens containing 13 accepted species that can be separated into two groups, based on differences in secondary chemistry that correlate with differences in characters of the sexual reproductive structures (asci and ascospores). Molecular phylogenetic analyses recovered these groups as monophyletic and support their recognition as distinct genera that differ in phenotypic characters. Species containing 2’-O-methylperlatolic acid are transferred to the new genus,ChicitaeaGuzow-Krzem., Kukwa & Lendemer and four new combinations are proposed:C. assateaguensis(Lendemer) Guzow-Krzem., Kukwa & Lendemer,C. confusa(Lendemer) Guzow-Krzem., Kukwa & Lendemer,C. cristinae(Guzow-Krzem., Łubek, Kubiak & Kukwa) Guzow-Krzem., Kukwa & Lendemer andC. lecanoriformis(Lumbsch, A.W. Archer & Elix) Guzow-Krzem., Kukwa & Lendemer. The remaining species produce thamnolic acid and representLoxosporas.str. Haplotype analyses recovered sequences ofL. elatinain two distinct groups, one corresponding toL. elatinas.str. and one toPertusaria chloropolia, the latter being resurrected from synonymy ofL. elatinaand, thus, requiring the combination,L. chloropolia(Erichsen) Ptach-Styn, Guzow-Krzem., Tønsberg & Kukwa. Sequences ofL. ochrophaeawere found to be intermixed within the otherwise monophyleticL. elatinas.str. These two taxa, which differ in contrasting reproductive mode and overall geographic distributions, are maintained as distinct, pending further studies with additional molecular loci. Lectotypes are selected forLecanora elatina,Pertusaria chloropoliaand P. chloropolia f. cana. The latter is a synonym ofLoxospora chloropolia. New primers for the amplification of mtSSU are also presented. 

Abstract Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million. The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al., and the definition and the higher ranks (e.g., phyla) of the ‘true fungi’ have been revised in several subsequent publications. Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom. This study provides an updated classification of the kingdomFungi, drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis ofHolomycota, with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings. We accept 19 phyla ofFungi,viz. Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,andZoopagomycota. In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycotaresides inChytridiomycota; thus, the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter, whileCaulochytriomycetesis viewed as a class inChytridiomycota. We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes. A new subphylum,SanchytriomycotinaKarpov is introduced as the only subphylum inSanchytriomycota. The subclassPneumocystomycetidaeKirk et al. inPneumocystomycetes,Ascomycotais invalid and thus validated. Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed, providing examples.